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In light of the somewhat recent news of Enzyte maker’s Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals having a lawsuit filed against them, I felt compelled to write this article. Yep, Smiling Bob isn’t smiling as much these days. In case you missed this info, here is what happened. Based on over 1,000 customer complaints, six US states filed suit against Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals and owner Steve Warshak. The allegations include: - Deceived customers about the efficacy of its nutritional supplements, which are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. - Failed to inform customers at the outset of a 30-day free-trial period that they would be enrolled in a program involving continuing monthly shipment of product and billing of customers’ credit cards. - Falsely claimed to offer refunds when the terms were “so arduous and impractical that customers were not capable” of receiving them. - Operated a telemarketing operation without registering with the state as required by law. Taking that one step further, the Feds confirmed that they've frozen 23-and-a-half million dollars in Warshak's personal accounts. To put it simply you purchase the product or just sign up for the 1-month trial. What happens afterwards is you automatically get billed once a month. It is very difficult to opt-out of the automatic billing and almost impossible to get any refund on your money. What concerns me is that Enzyte has been online since October of 2001. Their unethical billing practices have not changed since then and yet it took over 1000 complaints and over 32 million consumer dollars before the US government took action against them. There could, and should be alternative means of stopping unethical business practices, before such repercussions are suffered. Now with a company this size being more or less uprooted, does that mean less penis enlargement or male enhancement SPAM in our mailboxes? Probably not. For every one male enhancement company that goes down there are 10 that are popping up. And they are all trying to get a piece of the pie. When you think about something like this happening, it is almost an automatic response to think that because the government got involved that means that the product is horrible. I would beg to disagree. First of all as stated earlier the allegations all point toward unethical business practices, it does mention that the customers were deceived of the efficacy of the product; however that does not imply that the product did not work. Breaking that train of thought we have to ask ourselves, does it really work then? Our research indicates that there are plenty of men who received the benefits hoped for after/during the usage of this male enhancement product. Was it as effective as advertised? Definitely not. I do not believe that there is one single product or action that a person has to take or to do in order to be happier, be more highly regarded around the office, or at a party. I do not wish to delve into this as this is a topic in itself. However was sexual performance increased? Yes, it was. Now I also know that there are much better options available then Enzyte. Some of the more popular ones include VigRX, Viacyn, and Virility; also there are methods of male enhancement other than just pills. Pills: VigRX has been around since early 2000, their BBB record remains perfect (http://www.fortcollins.bbb.org/showReport.asp?compid=4000675 - 0 complaints to date), and their male enhancement product works very well. Viacyn has been around since 2002, we have not been able to find any BBB record for them which can also mean that there have been 0 complaints against them. Their product seems to work fairly well too. Virility has been online since 1996, their BBB record also remains perfect (http://www.bbbsoutheastflorida.org/nis/newsearch2.asp? ID=1&strBCode=06330000&ComID=0633000023003243 - 0 complaints to date), we have not had as much positive response about this penis enlargement product, but there has been some positive response. Exercises / Jelqing: Penis exercises, commonly referred to as Jelqing is a very popular, safe, and effective form of male enhancement / penis enlargement. There are several instructional manuals available for purchase; however there are some sources that include it free of charge. Others: There are other forms such as surgery, pumps and weights. However, we can not recommend them as they can cause more detriment then good. So in conclusion yes, Enzyte is down for the count, however they may still get up, and if they do, I would hope that the general public would learn to be careful in dealing with them. We would also hope that you realize that there are much better alternatives to Enzyte available. And finally we should not be expecting to see less penis enlargement SPAM in our email, unless the FCC can actually figure something out. does penile enlargment work penis enlarement excersizes penis elargement surgery picture cheap pennis enlargement vigrx pill does penis elargement work vimax penis enlargement patch buy penis enhancement pills

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Hemochromatosis (HE-mo-kro-ma-TOE-sis) is a disease in which too much iron builds up in your body Hereditary Hemochromatosis is the most common genetic disorder of persons of northern European extraction. Most people with hemochromatosis inherit the condition from their parents. If you inherit two hemochromatosis genes, one from each parent, you will have the condition. These two abnormal genes cause your body to absorb more iron than usual from the diet. The most common gene involved in causing Hereditary Hemochromatosis is the HFE gene. One in seven persons of northern European extraction carries one copy of the mutant HFE gene C282Y. Approximately 1 in 200 to 300 persons of northern European extraction carry two copies of C282Y. In some northern European populations e.g. Ireland, Iceland and Brittany the percentage of persons carrying one copy of C282Y is higher. Predictably countries settled by northern Europeans e.g. Australia, South Africa and Canada have high rates of Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Two copies can predispose to the iron overload disorder hemochromatosis. This may present as chronic fatigue, skin pigmentation, heart irregularities, impotence, diabetes, dysfunction of the liver, cirrhosis or cancer, premature menopause, arthritis or decreased functioning of the thyroid. Even one copy of C282Y can be associated with too much iron in the liver, high cholesterol, diabetes and the skin disorder porphyria cutanea tarda. Other mutant genes exist and are distributed throughout the world's population. Effects of Hemochromatosis In hemochromatosis, iron can build up in most of your body’s organs, but especially in the liver, heart, and pancreas. When this happens, the iron can poison the organs and lead to organ failure. If Hereditary Hemochromatosis is not treated liver disease may be fatal. Hemochromatosis can lead to enlargement, cirrhosis or cancer of the liver. Heart Problems. Hemochromatosis can cause irregular heart rate or rhythm and lead to heart failure Pancreas. Hemochromatosis can lead to diabetes mellitus. Patient Outlook The morbidity and mortality of Hereditary Hemochromatosis can be reduced by early diagnosis and treatment by phlebotomy or blood letting. Bloodletting or deironing often results in considerable improvement in the health of patients who suffer from Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are important. Treatment may be able to prevent, delay, or sometimes reverse complications of the disease Diet can help. When the diagnosis of hemochromatosis is made it is important to adjust the diet so that too much iron is not being absorbed because of an improper diet. The biggest considerations are not to take medications which contain iron, consume too much alcohol or Vitamin C. Excessive alcohol consumption has shown to greatly increase iron absorption in those with hemochromatosis Vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron. It is wise only to consume a moderate amount and not take Vitamin C tablets. Vitamin C has been known to precipitate heart palpitations in those with hemochromatosis. Treatment of iron overload disorder hemochromatosis is critical in order to prevent damage to vital organs and serious complications such as diabetes and cirrhosis of the liver. For people who are diagnosed and treated early, normal life spans are possible. If left untreated, hemochromatosis can lead to severe organ damage and even death. penis enargement system pnis enlargement drug penis enlagement before and after picture homemade penis enargement pennis enlargement secret enargement free penis pills sample best enhancement exercise penis natural penile enlargment technique penis enhancement pills

Introduction Trieste is an Adriatic coastal city in northeastern Italy, close to the border with Slovenia. The sea in the Gulf of Trieste is very clear and clean, with limestone cliffs and rocky beaches. The centre of the city has a mid-European feel, more Austrian than Italian, Trieste was the seaport of the Hapsburg Empire. Unique Points You can enjoy a combination of a sea/beach holiday and the attractions of a cultural city. It is an ideal destination for a short break but you could easily spend a week here too. The Verdi Theatre hosts an opera season in the winter and an operetta festival in summer. You can swim in the beautiful clear sea, stroll the promenade, and walk along the cliff paths. Take in the wonderful art collection at the Revoltella Museum. You can sip coffee on Piazza Unita Italia with its grand 19th century buildings, which face onto the sea. Getting there Ryanair flies into Trieste from London Standsted. The airport is 35 kms west of Trieste but there is regular public transport on Coach 51 into Trieste. Getting around If you do decide to hire a car, it is worth checking that you can take it into Slovenia and Croatia if you are considering day trips there. Trieste has a good public transport network. There is a "Trieste by Bus" city tour in 13 stops. This is available on Saturdays and Sundays at 2pm from the end of June to mid October. The two and a half hour trip allows you to see the city's main attractions. The cost is around five euros per person. You can take the Opicani tram up to the Carso plateau, 348 metres above sea level. This funicular tramway was built in 1902. The tram leaves from Piazza Oberdan in the city centre up Scorolo hill to the plateau above. History According to folklore Trieste was founded by Tergeste, a friend of Jason and the Argonauts. Ancient Tergeste as a Roman colony is dated to around 178 BC. It became more important during the reign of Octavian when roads were improved. The city has had many rulers during its history: Goths, Byzantines, and Lombards. In the 13th century Trieste was forced to swear allegiance to Venice. To escape Venetian domination, Trieste sought the protection of Duke Leopold of Austria. Trieste was of great importance to the Hapsburg Empire as a seaport and was made a Freeport in 1719. Without customs barriers the port and city flourished. At the end of the First World War with collapse of the Hapsburg Empire, Trieste was returned to Italy in 1918. Trieste was taken over by the Third Riech when Italy withdrew from the Second World Ward in September 1943. Two years later there was a 40-day Occupation by Tito's Yugoslav forces. After 9 years under an Anglo-American government Trieste was handed over to the Italian government. Trieste's history may help explain why 70% of Italians apparently did not know that Trieste was part of Italy in a recent opinion poll! With EU enlargement Trieste is ideally placed as the only natural port in the centre of Europe. Trieste is one of three finalists to host the international Expo of Science, Technology and Culture in 2008. If its bid is successful there will be more investment in the area and Trieste will become better known on the world map. Literary Connections The Irish author James Joyce lived in Trieste during the early part of the 20th century. When he first arrived he worked as a tutor at the Berlitz School of English. He went on to write "The Dubliners", "The Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man" and start "Ulysses" in Trieste. The rich mix of central European and Eastern Mediterranean culture in Trieste is said to have had a great influence on his writing. Joyce was English tutor to Itali Svevo, the Italian novelist. Svevo was born in Trieste in 1861, his Mother was part of a Triestian Jewish family, and his Father was of German descent. Joyce encouraged and praised Svevo's work and Svevo wrote critiques of Joyce's work. Svevo's book, "The Confessions of Zeno", was virtually ignored in Italy. However Joyce recommended the book to publishers in France, where it was hailed as a masterpiece. The book is an autobiography of Zeno, written for Zeno's psychoanalyst, to help get to the bottom of his smoking addiction. Svevo is credited by Welleck as "an Italian novelist with permanent appeal as a psychoanalytical psychologist and as a portrayer of the inhabitants of Austrian and later Italian Trieste and their often uncertain national allegiance." Jan Morris wrote the book, "Trieste and the Meaning of Nowhere". Morris claims this is her final book, a self- examination based in Trieste. Morris changed gender. Jan Morris first visited Trieste at the end of the Second World War as young Welsh soldier. She describes how the city "curiously haunted her" . She revisited the city as an elderly woman. Morris describes Trieste as "natural capital of the nation of nowhere". By this she means a home for the so-called "Fourth World" . This is a scattered group with the common values of humour and understanding, usually exiles in their own communities but probably numerous enough to form their own nation. I laughed at Clay Risen's comment in his piece about Trieste in the Square Table in Spring 2003. He observed that "Trieste is the only city in Eruope which appears more often in reflective essays than in guide books of newspaper travel sections." Exploring the city The best way to explore the city is to walk around. The Piazza dell' Unita d'Italia is the heart of the city. The square was created towards the end of the 19th century. It houses the City Hall, with its clock tower featuring statues of Mikeze and Lakeze, figures from Trieste folklore; Government House, with its gilded mosaic wall decorations; and the former Head Office of Lloyd Triestino, built in Renaissance style by an Austrian architect. The Victory Lighthouse lights the Gulf of Trieste and commemorates the dead of the First World War. It stands almost 70 metres high with a scaled dome containing a statue of winged Victory. At the base of the column is the anchor of the torpedo boat Audace, the first Italian ship to enter the harbour in 1918. The lighthouse took 4 years to complete and was officially opened in 1927. The Old Stock Exchange is a fine example of neo-classical architecture, resembling a Greek temple. The Old Stock Exchange stands by the so called Grand Canal. However this is rather an misnomer as the canal is very short. There is a statue of Joyce by one of the bridges. The Arco di Riccard is a Roman gate to the city thought to date from 33 AD. It is in Piazzetta di Ricordo in the old city. You can see the Roman amphitheatre at the foot of San Guisto hill. The Verdi Opera Theatre opened in 1801. It is of a similar style to La Scala in Milan. Museums There are many museums in Trieste, most of which are closed on Mondays. Probably the best is The Revoltella Museum, which was founded in 1872 when Baron Revoletta left his home and art collection to the city of Trieste. He also set up an endowment, which enabled a larger collection to be acquired. The Art Gallery has now spread over three buildings in order to house the ever-expanding collection by many Italian and other artists. Other museums include: The Regional Centre for the Study of Ancient and Modern Military History The Civic Museum The Museum of Oriental Art Piccolo Pharmacy Museum The Railway Museum Café society As Trieste is a port it was one of the first European cities to take to coffee in a big way. The first coffee houses in Trieste opened at the beginning of the 18th century. These cafés become very popular with artists and intellectuals. Several of the original cafes are going strong, the Tommeseo and the Cafee degli Specchi. Triestines are very particular about their coffee. If you order a cappuccino the Trieste version will be a black coffee with a little milk. You would need to order an Italian cappuccino. Mixing spirits with coffee is a no-no, viewed as a beverage favoured by foreign lorry drivers! Cultural and Sporting Events The Barcolana is held on the second Sunday of October. This is a sailing competition which has run for 30 years and has almost 2000 vessels competing. There are other events during the week such as the Saturday nighttime regatta. The winner is the boat, which can achieve the highest number of laps around the San Guisto basin. The Music Festival takes place for three evenings at the Piazza d'Italie. There is a line up of Italian and international talent and it's free. From October to May the concert and opera season unfolds in the historic neo-Classical Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi (opened in 1801 and designed by Matteo Petch, architect of Milan's La Scala) and the modern Sala Tripcovich. The festival of Light Opera is held in July and August at the Verdi. Figures of international renown congregate in Trieste for performances of such works as Fritz Kreisler's "Sissi", "The Land of Smiles" and Franz Lear's "Judith". Castello Miramare This castle was built for Archduke Maximilian as a residence by the sea. Maxilmilian and his wife, Charlotte of Belgium, came to live here in 1860. However their stay only lasted for 4 years as Maximilian was despatched to Mexico, where he been offered the throne in an attempt to end the Civil War there. Rebel forces killed Maximilian. Charlotte lived at the Castello alone briefly and then returned to her native Belgium. You can visit the castle and gardens. In July and August the tragic love story is brought to life in a "Sons et Lumieres". The voice of the Castle caretaker recounts the love story of Maximilian and Charlotte. Performances in English and German can be requested on Saturdays by phoning +39 40 414177 Castello di Duino This old castle dates from the 11th century, the only recognisable remains are the tower and an arch. The new castle was completed in the 15th century. Legend tells that in medieval times a young princess fell in love with a local boy. Her Father locked her away in a tower and had her lover killed in the courtyard below and the corpse thrown in the sea. In despair the Princess leapt from the tower, her screams turned her to stone as she hurtled down. Near the shore is a rock that looks like a woman's body. Some say that "Dama Biance" still haunts the area searching for her lost love. Duino Castle has only recently opened its doors to the public. Prince Carlo Allessandro and his family still live in the castle. The castle has accommodated many famous guests: Dante, Listz and Struass. The coastal path, the Rilke Promenade from Duino to Sistians is named after the German poet, a guest at the castle from 1911 - 1912. The Grotta Gigante, the Giant Cave This cave is the largest accessible cave in the world. It is estimated that you could fit St Peters Cathedral inside. The cave was first explored in 1840 by Lidner. In 1904, a four- year project started to turn the cave into a tourist attraction. It took 4000 candles to light the cave, electricity was only installed in 1957. There are hourly guided visits. You can find out about opening hours by phoning 040 327312. Swimming The beach at Sistinna Spiaggia is said to be one of the best in Italy. It can be reached by the no. 51 and 21 buses from Trieste. Grignano is closer to Trieste and is reached by the no. 36 bus. Where to eat Harry's Grill in the Hotel Gran Duchi is one of Trieste's most exclusive restaurants. I have eaten at this restaurant. I was even served with a pre-starter, a delicious titbit of stuffed aubergine, and a pre-dessert, a lovely strawberry mousse. The accompanying bread and bread sticks has been freshly baked. My (proper) starter was stuffed pasta, the main course was sea bass, topped off with white chocolate mousse rippled with passionfruit sauce. It is entirely possible to have a lighter meal, if you can resist the temptation. In Summer you can sit out on the pedestrianised square. Main courses cost from 16 - 26 euros. Piazza dll"Unita d"Italia 2, tel: 040 660606 Al Bragozzo is the best-known restaurant at the port, which specialises in seafood. The simply yet creatively prepared meals pay homage to the sea and its heritage by combining the elements of Italian cuisine and the riches of the Mediterranean. Specialties include spaghetti alla Giorgio (with tomatoes and herbs), ravioli stuffed with herbs, monkfish braised with artichokes (and cooked with white wine), and spaghetti with lobster. There are also many preparations of salmon and shrimp. You can eat at the outdoor tables, weather permitting, if you visit in the summer. Main courses cost from 10 - 25 euros. Riva Nazario Sauro 22. tel: 040 303001. There are many buffets in Trieste. These are restaurants which specialise in pork, often in various stews, sausages and soups. Two of the best known are: Re di cappe, Via Geppa 11, tel 040 370330 Da Giovanni, Via S Lazzaro 14, tel 040 639396 Day trips Exploring the Carse The Triestine cares starts at Montefalcone in the north and stretches down adjacent to the Slovenian border. The area is known as a paradise for botanists with a mixture of continental flora and Mediterranean vegetation. There is talk of the area achieving national park status. The Carsic house in Rupingrande has a collection of traditional furniture and local costumes. During the first week in May the works of local painters are exhibited during the Majence Festival, in San Dorligo delle Valle. The best known event is the Carsic Wedding, every second year on the last Sunday of August in Monrupino. There are dances every night of the preceeding week. On the wedding day the bridal procession, all dressed in traditional costume, walk to the fortress church for the marriage ceremony. Grado and Aquiliea Aquiliea was founded in the first century BC. It occupies a strategic defence location. It became a Patriarchs's seat andmany beautiful churches were built. The Bascilica is considered to be one of the most important monuments of early Christianity. There are two museums to visit there. Grado was the extreme southern part of the port of Aquileia. Now it a beautiful island city joined to the mainland by a causeway. It boasts 20 kms of fine sandy beaches. Grado was very popular as a spa during the days of the Austrio Hungarian Empire with its healing sands. Grado can be reached by the no 21 bus from Trieste. There is also a boat service during the Summer. Muggia Muggia is a pretty coastal town just south of Trieste, which can be reached by ferry from Trieste during the summer. The town is of Venetian origin, surrounded by medieval walls with a 14th century castle and a pretty port. Slovenia The Slovenian border is just a few kilometres from Trieste. The Lipica Stud and Riding School is under a half hour drive from Trieste. It was originally founded in 1580 by Archduke Charles for breeding royal horses for the Austrian court. Now you can tour the stud farm (6 Euros) or have a riding lesson, starting at 16 euros. Croatia Croatia can be easily reached through by passing through the narrow strip of coastal Slovenia. Wine Country Every Sunday during April, May and June you can visit specific wineries in the area to try their products. There are various wine itineraries you can follow. Venice Venice can be reached by direct train from Trieste. The journey takes around two hours. The train takes you right into the centre of Venice. manual pennis enlargement penis enlargment drug free pennis enlargement tip vimax do penis enlargement pills work penis enhancement patch does penis enlargment work penis elargement surgery photo penis enargement video penis enhancement pills

Hormone therapy is known as one of the treatments for prostate cancer. We have heard success stories with hormone therapy for prostate cancer patients from Internet and medical publications. Here we discuss why hormone therapy can be applied to treat prostate cancer. The prostrate gland is found near the base of the urethra. This is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out through the penis. The front end of the prostrate gland surrounds the urethra and the rear part of the gland presses against the rectum. The prostrate gland is found in the males and is susceptible to tumor growths. These tumors can be benign or malignant. Malignant means that the tumor is cancerous and life threatening. Faulty Genes Put Right With Hormones Having a cancerous prostrate tumor is no cause for alarm because if the tumor is diagnosed well in advance, for which there are many symptoms the layman can understand, the prostrate gland can be surgically removed along with the tumor. Thus, one can prevent the spread of the tumor to other parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic system. It is very rare to find a patient under fifty to have prostrate cancer. The patient can become weary of a tumor on the prostrate gland if he finds the following symptoms: dribbling before or after urinating, feeling that the urinary bladder is never empty completely, discomfort or pain while urinating and passing of blood sometimes while urinating, false calls or frequently wanting to urinate without actually urinating. Getting Rid Of the Gland Apart from having the prostrate removed surgically, there are some hormone treatments for prostrate cancer as well. Some of these hormone treatments have known to have produced dramatic results. But, then it is the stage of the disease as well as the age of the person who is treated that also counts. Doctors all over the world have known for a long time now that cancer can be treated with hormones as prostrate cancer has been known to be hormone or gene related. For instance, men who have had prostrate cancer in the family are more likely to contract the disease that men who have no family history of prostrate cancer. Even men with the history of breast cancer in the family run the risk of developing prostrate cancer. This led to research on treating cancer with hormones. Research has shown that men live longer with prostrate cancer if it is treated with hormone therapy along with radiation treatment. The standard hormone treatment is for three years but in many cases dramatic results have come about within six months of the treatment. Researchers from Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital discovered that men treated with six months of androgen suppression therapy in addition to radiation improved faster and better than men treated with only radiation. vimax pills cheap vig rx best penis enlargment surgery truth about penis enlagement free penis elargement pills com enhancement penis penis pump penis enlagement surgeon erection penis pill size vimax penis enhancement pills

Viagra (Sildenafil citrate), which millions of men take for erectile dysfunction (ED), reduces the effects of hormonal stress on the heart by half, according to a study published online in the journal Circulation. Viagra causes genital blood vessels to expand, which helps in maintaining an erection. Recent research also has pointed to its potential usefulness in treating pulmonary hypertension. Prior to the latest findings by a team of Johns Hopkins researchers, it was thought to have little effect on the heart. Viagra, or sildenafil, blunts the strengthened heart beat caused by chemically induced stress, according to study senior author and cardiologist David Kass, MD, a professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and its Heart Institute. It thereby lessens both the excess amount of blood and the force used to pump it to the body. "Sildenafil effectively puts a 'brake' on chemical stimulation of the heart," says Kass. Prevents and Reverses Effects of High BP These findings are believed to be the first confirmation in humans that Viagra has a direct effect on the heart. In earlier research, Kass and his team observed a similar effect in mice; Sildenafil blocked the short-term effects of hormonal stress in the heart. Related studies by the group show that sildenafil also prevents and reverses the long-term effects of chronic high blood pressure on the heart. Sildenafil reversed the negative effects on heart muscle weakened by heart failure and enlargement -- a condition called hypertrophy -- in mouse experiments Kass and his team carried out earlier this year. They reported their results in the journal Nature Medicine. "But we had no firm evidence as to whether or how this therapy might work in the human heart," says Kass. "Our latest research provides firm evidence this drug does indeed have an important impact on the heart." Increased Heartbeat Was Slowed Thirty-five healthy men and women, with an average age of 30 and no previous signs of coronary artery disease, participated in the six-month Johns Hopkins study. Within a three-hour timeframe, each participant received two separate injections of dobutamine (5 micrograms per kilogram for five minutes), a synthetic, adrenaline-like chemical that increases heart rate and pumping strength. Between injections, study participants were assigned randomly to a group that was treated with sildenafil (100 milligrams taken orally) or to a group given a sugar pill placebo. All participants then were given the second dobutamine injection to see what effects sildenafil or placebo had on the heart. Measurements of heart function were made before and after each injection. These included blood pressure readings, electrocardiograms and echocardiograms. Blood samples confirmed relatively equal levels of sildenafil and other enzymes. Each dobutamine injection stimulated heart function, increasing heart rate and the force of each heartbeat used to pump blood throughout the body, results showed. "This stimulation is similar to the way the nervous system normally increases heart function when triggered by emotional or exercise stress, or in diseases such as heart failure," notes Kass. After the first injection of dobutamine, the force of heart contraction increased by 150 percent in both groups. In the placebo group, this increase repeated itself after the second injection. However, in the group treated with sildenafil, the increased heartbeat was slowed by 50 percent, resulting in a smaller increase in blood flow and blood pressure generated by the heart in response to chemical stimulation. Between injections, heart function was not altered in the sildenafil group, demonstrating the absence of adverse side effects on the resting human heart. Stops PDE5A Action "Knowing more about the effects of sildenafil on heart function will allow for safer evaluation of its use as a treatment for heart problems," says Kass. "Our results set the stage for further studies of sildenafil's immediate and long-term effects on the heart and its ability to modify other neurohormonal and stress stimuli, including adrenaline and hypertension," he adds. While the precise biological actions of sildenafil in the heart are not fully understood, the drug is known to work by stopping the action of an enzyme, called phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5A), Kass explains. This enzyme is involved in the breakdown of a key molecule, cyclic GMP, which helps control stresses and limit overgrowth in the heart. PDE5A is also the biological pathway that sildenafil blocks in the penis to prevent the relaxation of blood vessels and thus maintain erections. Copyright 2005 Daily News Central