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The humble soybean boasts some extraordinary benefits. This nutritional powerhouse has stayed under wraps for too long. Apart from being the only vegetable protein with all 20 amino acids essential for our health and well being, the humble soybean has many other virtues...including an excellent foundation for fast, safe weight loss program. According to Dr David Heber in "The LA Shape Diet", women who are on a weight loss program need about 100 grams of protein per day to fight against hunger and to build their best personal lean muscle shape whilst still losing weight. Without the appropriate level of protein in a low calorie diet, people and women in particular, risk losing 1 pound of muscle for every 4 pounds of weight lost! This potential muscle loss can be very dangerous as it can cause a weakening of the heart and other vital organs. Dr Heber recommends soy-protein shakes or soy-protein fruit smoothies as a safe and healthy way to achieve fast and permanent weight loss. Apart from some absolutely wonderful health advantages, soy is a safe protein source - without the unwanted cholesterol and saturated fats that accompany animal protein sources. Soy will support and does not sabotage a low calorie weight loss program. Read on to discover some other wonderful health benefits of this incredible this food source. 1. Soy contains health enhancing isoflavones. Isoflavones are compounds found only in plants which have strong antioxidant properties. These compounds repair, and help prevent damage to cells caused by pollution, sunlight, and normal body processes. Free radicals can easily cause harm to the immune system, whose cells divide often. They may also be responsible for some of the changes of aging. 2. Reduce risk of heart disease. Soy's protein and isoflavones lower LDL cholesterol and decrease blood clotting, which reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke. In one study, people who drank a "milk shake" containing 25g of soy protein for nine weeks experienced, on average, a 5% reduction in LDL cholesterol. And people with the highest LDL levels experienced a 11% drop. (For each 10% to 15% drop in the LDL level, the risk of a heart attack decreases 20% to 25%). 3. Protection against cancer. Soy's soluble fiber protects the body from many digestive related cancers, such as colon and rectal cancer. While its isoflavones may protect the body from many hormone related cancers, like breast, endometrial (uterine) and prostate cancer. Isoflavones act against cancer cells in a way similar to many common cancer-treating drugs. 4. Counter the effects of endometriosis. The isoflavones in soy products may help to offset the action of the body's natural estrogen, which is often responsible for instigating the monthly pain, heavy bleeding and other symptoms of endometriosis. 5. Protect against prostate problems. Eating soy products may protect against enlargement of the male prostate gland. The size of the prostate gland tends to increase with age, causing various types of urinary difficulties, including frequent nighttime awakenings. 6. Guard against osteoporosis. Soy's protein enhances the body's ability to retain and better absorb calcium in the bones, while its isoflavones slow bone loss and inhibit bone breakdown, which helps prevent osteoporosis. There is evidence to suggest that isoflavones may also assist in creating new bone. 7. Control symptoms of menopause and perimenopause. Soy's isoflavones help the body regulate estrogen when this hormone is declining or fluctuating, which helps alleviate many menopausal and PMS symptoms. Research has shown that soy isoflavones can reduce menopausal hot flushes in women. 8. Help control diabetic conditions and kidney disease. Soy's protein and soluble fiber help regulate glucose levels and kidney filtration, which helps control diabetic conditions and kidney disease. What an incredible little bean! With such profound health benefits how can you overlook this wonderful food source? If you haven't yet noticed, gone are the days when the only way soy products came were in strange tasting meat substitutes. You can now access a wide range of soy products and use soy in a variety of ways to suit any taste palate. (c) Kim Beardsmore penis enlargement pills magna rx penis enlagement technique semenax vigrx vimax homemade penis enlargement enlargement manhattan penile surgeon does penis enlarement work penile enlargment secret enlargement manhattan penile

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1) “Why do Eskimos and husky dogs do not eat polar bear liver?” Because it contains huge amounts of Vitamin A. One gram of polar bear liver contains 12 times the daily required amount of Vitamin A (1 mg). And what happens if you overdose on Vitamin A? Here is a not-too-pleasant list: skin problems (itching, peeling off), drowsiness and sleepiness, splitting headaches, spleen and liver enlargement, painful swelling of tissues next to the bones, loss of appetite. Vitamin A overdose during the first three months of pregnancy can cause congenital abnormalities. 2) “Why did Linus Pauling took 40,000 mg of Vitamin C a day?” Linus Pauling, the only scientist who won 2 Nobel prizes in history (Chemistry 1954 and Peace in 1962), was a big-time believer in Vitamin C. Pauling himself took massive amounts of it daily to prevent common cold. He started taking 12,000 mg a day and took it all the way up to 40,000 mg. He claimed he delayed the onset of his prostate cancer by twenty years by taking such unheard of quantities of Vitamin C before he died at 93. The modern medical research could not prove that Vitamin C protects against common cold or cancer. However, Vitamin C is of course essential for healthy gums, fighting gingivitis, healthy vision, among its many other benefits. Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy. 3) “What does Vitamin Choline do?” Perhaps you’ve never heard of Vitamin Choline, which is a member of the Vitamin B family. It’s other name is “Amanitine” and is found in Lecithin. Some doctors recommend Choline for alcoholics or diabetics. It is used to fight Alzheimer’s disease, angina, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, senility, high blood pressure, thrombosis, and strokes. Choline is found in bananas, green leafy vegetables, legumes, beef, nuts, wheat germ, shellfish, whole grain cereals. The literature does not cite any serious side effects. ---------------------------------------------------- (312 words, Copyright May 2006 Ugur Akinci) by Ugur Akinci, Ph.D. Creative Copywriter and Technical Communicator writer111@gmail.com www.writer111.com free penis enlarement tip free penile enlargement penis enlagement program best elargement exercise penis pnis enlargement supplement penis elargement supplement vimax penis enlargement pic before and after penis enlarement result natural penis enlargement pills

It is not uncommon for a woman to be upset or self-conscious about the size of her breasts. Breast enlargement surgery continues to evolve, and this procedure becomes increasingly safer and yields more predictable results. Consequently, an increasing number of women are taking advantage of breast enlargement surgery. Many women do not consider breast enlargement surgery because they think only of the potential side effects. Women worry that the implants will break, increase their risk of breast cancer, or they will not be able to breast feed when they have children. Although these problems may have presented a small risk in the past, breast enlargement has evolved to the point where these risks are virtually eliminated. “It is true that, in the past, it was not uncommon for breast implants to break,” comments Winter Park, Florida cosmetic surgeon Dr. Scott Greenberg, “however, the number of these occurrences are greatly exaggerated over time and, in effect, breast enlargement is generally believed to be a lot more risky than it actually is.” Women use breast enlargement to enhance the contour of their body, to balance breasts that are unequal sizes, to correct a decrease in breast volume following pregnancy, or for reconstructive purposes following breast surgery. Dr. Greenberg adds, “Breast enlargement does more than just increase the size of a woman’s bust line. Many women are self-conscious when their breasts are uneven or if one or both breasts have been removed as a result of cancer treatment. Breast enlargement surgery aims to give these women a better self-image.” Breast implants are inserted through a small incision. The location of this incision depends on the woman’s preference, anatomy, and the surgeon’s recommendation. The implants are either composed of a silicone gel or saline. Both types of implants are FDA approved, however gel implants have not yet been released by the FDA for use in breast augmentation. penile enlargement excersizes penis enlargment program easy enlargment free penis surgery way penis enhancement forum free penis enlargment technique vimax penis enlargement product forum magna rx permanent pennis enlargement natural penis enlargement pills

For years I have purchased soy milk, stocked it on my shelf, told myself I should open it and include it into my diet. After opening it though, it just sits in the refrigerator for a month or two. Then, of course, it’s too old to drink, so I throw it down the sink and the cycle repeats itself a couple months later. Now I believe that my body was telling me that it didn’t want the soy milk as I’ve been reading up on the soy controversy lately. Here is a summary of that information. . . Isoflavones—the estrogen-like hormones that all work to help you stay young and healthy may not be the magical food that you have been led to believe. Soy is just one example of the many fad foods/ supplements/ cures that I find myself exposed to in trying to decipher the long-term health benefits before sharing them with my clients. Soy has been marketed as a health food when, at one time, it was only a toxic by-product of the vegetable oil industry. Hmm. . . .that doesn’t sound right, does it? Don’t we eat soy in lots of things now? Advances in technology make it possible to produce Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) from what was once considered a waste product—defatted, high-protein soy chips—transforming something that looks and smells terrible into products that can be consumed by human beings. Flavorings, preservatives, sweeteners, emulsifiers and synthetic nutrients have turned SPI, the food processors' nightmare into a very lucrative business. All soybean producers pay a mandatory assessment of one-half to one per cent of the net market price of soybeans. The total—something like $80 million annually—supports United Soybean's program (http://www.ams.usda.gov/lsg/mpb/rp-soy.htm) to "strengthen the position of soybeans in the marketplace and maintain and expand domestic and foreign markets for soybeans and soybean products." Soy milk, made from raw soy, has posted the biggest gains, soaring from $2 million in 1980 to $300 million in the United States last year. Recent advances in processing have transformed the gray, thin, bitter, beany-tasting beverage into a product that Western consumers will accept. The first soy foods were fermented products like tempeh, natto, miso and soy sauce. At a later date, possibly in the 2nd century BC, Chinese scientists discovered that a purée of cooked soybeans could be precipitated with calcium sulfate or magnesium sulfate (Plaster of Paris or Epsom salts) to make a smooth, pale curd they called tofu or bean curd. The Chinese never ate unfermented soybeans as they did other legumes such as lentils, because the soybean contains large quantities of natural toxins or "antinutrients." These antinutrients are not completely deactivated during ordinary cooking. They can produce serious gastric distress, reduced protein digestion and chronic deficiencies in amino acid uptake. In test animals, diets high in these antinutrients called trypsin inhibitors cause enlargement and pathological conditions of the pancreas, including cancer. Other harmful substances in soy products include haemagglutinin, goitrogens, phytic acid, nitrates, and phytoestrogens (in large amounts.) What are these things? Well. . . Haemagglutinin is a clot-promoting substance that causes red blood cells to clump together. Trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinin are growth inhibitors that are deactivated during the process of fermentation. In precipitated products (like tofu,) enzyme inhibitors concentrate in the soaking liquid rather than in the curd. Thus, in tofu and bean curd, growth depressants are reduced in quantity but not completely eliminated. Soy also contains goitrogens - substances that depress thyroid function. This is a major concern of mine as I see our population having more and more thyroid issues with each passing year. Soybeans are also high in phytic acid, present in the bran or hulls of all seeds. Phytic acid can block the uptake of essential minerals—calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and especially zinc—in the intestinal tract. Scientists are in general agreement that grain and legume-based diets high in phytates contribute to widespread mineral deficiencies in third world countries. The Japanese have traditionally eaten small amounts of tofu or miso as part of a mineral-rich fish broth, followed by a serving of meat or fish. This is not how vegetarians and vegans consume soy. The results of calcium, magnesium and iron deficiency are well known; those of zinc are less so. These are the exact mineral deficiencies I have been seeing in my practice. Many people in my practice now come in with that tell-tale tan chin, indicative of iron deficiency. They are low in energy and worried about osteoporosis, but they look like thyroid cases. Their thumbs point toward their hips as they stand and walk instead of pointing forward, and they carry more weight evenly dispersed on their body. Most of my clients are also low in zinc. Zinc is needed for optimal development and functioning of the brain and nervous system, it is used in protein synthesis, collagen formation, in the blood-sugar control mechanism thus protecting against diabetes, and is needed for a healthy reproductive system. Zinc is a key component in numerous vital enzymes and plays a role in healthy immune system function These uses are among hundreds of other ways zinc is used by the body. Soy processors have worked hard to get these antinutrients out of the finished product, particularly soy protein isolate (SPI), the key ingredient in most soy foods that imitate meat and dairy products, including baby formulas and some brands of soy milk. (For more information on that, read my other article on soy, The Hazards of Feeding Soy to Children. Nitrites, which are potent carcinogens, are formed during the spray-drying process of making Soy Protein Isolate (SPI). Test animals fed SPI develop enlarged organs, particularly the pancreas and thyroid gland, and increased deposition of fatty acids in the liver. If this is so, then why are SPI and textured vegetable protein used extensively in school lunch programs, commercial baked goods, diet beverages and fast food products? (Yikes!) Soy is also heavily promoted in third world countries and forms the basis of many food giveaway programs. Researchers studying soy-based foods in one school research project noted several alarming symptoms after children ate soy-based meals including: "occasional" vomiting, periods of moderate diarrhea, upper respiratory infections, rashes and fever. Many ask then, why do the Japanese have less cancer than Americans? Do they? I’ve heard over the years that the Japanese, who allegedly eat 30 times as much soy as North Americans, have a lower incidence of cancers of the breast, uterus and prostate. BUT the Japanese, and Asians in general, have much higher rates of other types of cancer; particularly cancer of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, thyroid and liver. Just how much soy do Asians really eat? A Cornell study conducted by Colin T. Campbell in 1998 found that the average daily amount of soy protein consumed in Japan was about eight grams for men, and seven for women. This is only less than two teaspoons. Do Japanese really eat more soy than Americans? At this point, I don’t think so. Except in times of famine, Asians consume soy products only in small amounts, as condiments—not as a replacement for animal foods—with one exception. Celibate monks living in monasteries and leading a vegetarian lifestyle find soy foods quite helpful—because they dampen libido. So what are the side-effects of too much soy? (These are only in alphabetical order and not by the proportion of incidence.) •Bloating •Breast cancer (Soy isoflavones mimic estrogen) •Calcium deficiencies (soy blocks calcium absorption) •Cognitive decline (esp. in post menopausal women that have increased levels of estrogen in their blood) •Constipation •Depression •Endocrine disruption •Fatigue •Goiter Hair loss •Hot flashes •Hypothyroidism •Infertility •Irregular periods •Lethargy •Loss of muscle tone •Painful periods •Premature aging •Thyroid cancer •Thyroid disease •Thyroid Stimulating Hormone increase •Uterine cysts •Vitamin D deficiencies •Weight gain despite workouts and dieting How much is too much soy? In 1991, Japanese researchers reported that consumption of as little as 30 grams or two tablespoons of soybeans per day for only one month resulted in a significant increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone, and 100 grams of soy protein, (promoted for its bone-building isoflavones and cholesterol-lowering effects) contains the estrogenic equivalent of the Pill. In vitro studies suggest that isoflavones inhibit synthesis of estradiol and other steroid hormones. I wonder if it’s really safe to take this kind of supplement if you have a family history of estrogen-influenced breast cancer. I don’t think I’d chance it. We get enough xenoestrogens in our environment as it is. Some Helpful References: http://www.biotech-info.net/soya.html (Soy in the news) http://www.haelan.co.uk/Wholefood-Soya.shtml (Soy as a health food) vimax does penis enlargement work penis elargement stretcher natural penis enlargement pills natural penis enhancement pills free penile enlargement technique penis enlagement before and after photo penis enlargment pills product best penis elargement natural penis enlargement pills

Alan Pease, author of a book titled "Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps", believes that women are spatially-challenged compared to men. The British firm, Admiral Insurance, conducted a study of half a million claims. They found that "women were almost twice as likely as men to have a collision in a car park, 23 percent more likely to hit a stationary car, and 15 percent more likely to reverse into another vehicle" (Reuters). Yet gender "differences" are often the outcomes of bad scholarship. Consider Admiral insurance's data. As Britain's Automobile Association (AA) correctly pointed out - women drivers tend to make more short journeys around towns and shopping centers and these involve frequent parking. Hence their ubiquity in certain kinds of claims. Regarding women's alleged spatial deficiency, in Britain, girls have been outperforming boys in scholastic aptitude tests - including geometry and maths - since 1988. On the other wing of the divide, Anthony Clare, a British psychiatrist and author of "On Men" wrote: "At the beginning of the 21st century it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that men are in serious trouble. Throughout the world, developed and developing, antisocial behavior is essentially male. Violence, sexual abuse of children, illicit drug use, alcohol misuse, gambling, all are overwhelmingly male activities. The courts and prisons bulge with men. When it comes to aggression, delinquent behavior, risk taking and social mayhem, men win gold." Men also mature later, die earlier, are more susceptible to infections and most types of cancer, are more likely to be dyslexic, to suffer from a host of mental health disorders, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and to commit suicide. In her book, "Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man", Susan Faludi describes a crisis of masculinity following the breakdown of manhood models and work and family structures in the last five decades. In the film "Boys don't Cry", a teenage girl binds her breasts and acts the male in a caricatural relish of stereotypes of virility. Being a man is merely a state of mind, the movie implies. But what does it really mean to be a "male" or a "female"? Are gender identity and sexual preferences genetically determined? Can they be reduced to one's sex? Or are they amalgams of biological, social, and psychological factors in constant interaction? Are they immutable lifelong features or dynamically evolving frames of self-reference? Certain traits attributed to one's sex are surely better accounted for by cultural factors, the process of socialization, gender roles, and what George Devereux called "ethnopsychiatry" in "Basic Problems of Ethnopsychiatry" (University of Chicago Press, 1980). He suggested to divide the unconscious into the id (the part that was always instinctual and unconscious) and the "ethnic unconscious" (repressed material that was once conscious). The latter is mostly molded by prevailing cultural mores and includes all our defense mechanisms and most of the superego. So, how can we tell whether our sexual role is mostly in our blood or in our brains? The scrutiny of borderline cases of human sexuality - notably the transgendered or intersexed - can yield clues as to the distribution and relative weights of biological, social, and psychological determinants of gender identity formation. The results of a study conducted by Uwe Hartmann, Hinnerk Becker, and Claudia Rueffer-Hesse in 1997 and titled "Self and Gender: Narcissistic Pathology and Personality Factors in Gender Dysphoric Patients", published in the "International Journal of Transgenderism", "indicate significant psychopathological aspects and narcissistic dysregulation in a substantial proportion of patients." Are these "psychopathological aspects" merely reactions to underlying physiological realities and changes? Could social ostracism and labeling have induced them in the "patients"? The authors conclude: "The cumulative evidence of our study ... is consistent with the view that gender dysphoria is a disorder of the sense of self as has been proposed by Beitel (1985) or Pfäfflin (1993). The central problem in our patients is about identity and the self in general and the transsexual wish seems to be an attempt at reassuring and stabilizing the self-coherence which in turn can lead to a further destabilization if the self is already too fragile. In this view the body is instrumentalized to create a sense of identity and the splitting symbolized in the hiatus between the rejected body-self and other parts of the self is more between good and bad objects than between masculine and feminine." Freud, Kraft-Ebbing, and Fliess suggested that we are all bisexual to a certain degree. As early as 1910, Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld argued, in Berlin, that absolute genders are "abstractions, invented extremes". The consensus today is that one's sexuality is, mostly, a psychological construct which reflects gender role orientation. Joanne Meyerowitz, a professor of history at Indiana University and the editor of The Journal of American History observes, in her recently published tome, "How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States", that the very meaning of masculinity and femininity is in constant flux. Transgender activists, says Meyerowitz, insist that gender and sexuality represent "distinct analytical categories". The New York Times wrote in its review of the book: "Some male-to-female transsexuals have sex with men and call themselves homosexuals. Some female-to-male transsexuals have sex with women and call themselves lesbians. Some transsexuals call themselves asexual." So, it is all in the mind, you see. This would be taking it too far. A large body of scientific evidence points to the genetic and biological underpinnings of sexual behavior and preferences. The German science magazine, "Geo", reported recently that the males of the fruit fly "drosophila melanogaster" switched from heterosexuality to homosexuality as the temperature in the lab was increased from 19 to 30 degrees Celsius. They reverted to chasing females as it was lowered. The brain structures of homosexual sheep are different to those of straight sheep, a study conducted recently by the Oregon Health & Science University and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Sheep Experiment Station in Dubois, Idaho, revealed. Similar differences were found between gay men and straight ones in 1995 in Holland and elsewhere. The preoptic area of the hypothalamus was larger in heterosexual men than in both homosexual men and straight women. According an article, titled "When Sexual Development Goes Awry", by Suzanne Miller, published in the September 2000 issue of the "World and I", various medical conditions give rise to sexual ambiguity. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), involving excessive androgen production by the adrenal cortex, results in mixed genitalia. A person with the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) has a vagina, external female genitalia and functioning, androgen-producing, testes - but no uterus or fallopian tubes. People with the rare 5-alpha reductase deficiency syndrome are born with ambiguous genitalia. They appear at first to be girls. At puberty, such a person develops testicles and his clitoris swells and becomes a penis. Hermaphrodites possess both ovaries and testicles (both, in most cases, rather undeveloped). Sometimes the ovaries and testicles are combined into a chimera called ovotestis. Most of these individuals have the chromosomal composition of a woman together with traces of the Y, male, chromosome. All hermaphrodites have a sizable penis, though rarely generate sperm. Some hermaphrodites develop breasts during puberty and menstruate. Very few even get pregnant and give birth. Anne Fausto-Sterling, a developmental geneticist, professor of medical science at Brown University, and author of "Sexing the Body", postulated, in 1993, a continuum of 5 sexes to supplant the current dimorphism: males, merms (male pseudohermaphrodites), herms (true hermaphrodites), ferms (female pseudohermaphrodites), and females. Intersexuality (hermpahroditism) is a natural human state. We are all conceived with the potential to develop into either sex. The embryonic developmental default is female. A series of triggers during the first weeks of pregnancy places the fetus on the path to maleness. In rare cases, some women have a male's genetic makeup (XY chromosomes) and vice versa. But, in the vast majority of cases, one of the sexes is clearly selected. Relics of the stifled sex remain, though. Women have the clitoris as a kind of symbolic penis. Men have breasts (mammary glands) and nipples. The Encyclopedia Britannica 2003 edition describes the formation of ovaries and testes thus: "In the young embryo a pair of gonads develop that are indifferent or neutral, showing no indication whether they are destined to develop into testes or ovaries. There are also two different duct systems, one of which can develop into the female system of oviducts and related apparatus and the other into the male sperm duct system. As development of the embryo proceeds, either the male or the female reproductive tissue differentiates in the originally neutral gonad of the mammal." Yet, sexual preferences, genitalia and even secondary sex characteristics, such as facial and pubic hair are first order phenomena. Can genetics and biology account for male and female behavior patterns and social interactions ("gender identity")? Can the multi-tiered complexity and richness of human masculinity and femininity arise from simpler, deterministic, building blocks? Sociobiologists would have us think so. For instance: the fact that we are mammals is astonishingly often overlooked. Most mammalian families are composed of mother and offspring. Males are peripatetic absentees. Arguably, high rates of divorce and birth out of wedlock coupled with rising promiscuity merely reinstate this natural "default mode", observes Lionel Tiger, a professor of anthropology at Rutgers University in New Jersey. That three quarters of all divorces are initiated by women tends to support this view. Furthermore, gender identity is determined during gestation, claim some scholars. Milton Diamond of the University of Hawaii and Dr. Keith Sigmundson, a practicing psychiatrist, studied the much-celebrated John/Joan case. An accidentally castrated normal male was surgically modified to look female, and raised as a girl but to no avail. He reverted to being a male at puberty. His gender identity seems to have been inborn (assuming he was not subjected to conflicting cues from his human environment). The case is extensively described in John Colapinto's tome "As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl". HealthScoutNews cited a study published in the November 2002 issue of "Child Development". The researchers, from City University of London, found that the level of maternal testosterone during pregnancy affects the behavior of neonatal girls and renders it more masculine. "High testosterone" girls "enjoy activities typically considered male behavior, like playing with trucks or guns". Boys' behavior remains unaltered, according to the study. Yet, other scholars, like John Money, insist that newborns are a "blank slate" as far as their gender identity is concerned. This is also the prevailing view. Gender and sex-role identities, we are taught, are fully formed in a process of socialization which ends by the third year of life. The Encyclopedia Britannica 2003 edition sums it up thus: "Like an individual's concept of his or her sex role, gender identity develops by means of parental example, social reinforcement, and language. Parents teach sex-appropriate behavior to their children from an early age, and this behavior is reinforced as the child grows older and enters a wider social world. As the child acquires language, he also learns very early the distinction between "he" and "she" and understands which pertains to him- or herself." So, which is it - nature or nurture? There is no disputing the fact that our sexual physiology and, in all probability, our sexual preferences are determined in the womb. Men and women are different - physiologically and, as a result, also psychologically. Society, through its agents - foremost amongst which are family, peers, and teachers - represses or encourages these genetic propensities. It does so by propagating "gender roles" - gender-specific lists of alleged traits, permissible behavior patterns, and prescriptive morals and norms. Our "gender identity" or "sex role" is shorthand for the way we make use of our natural genotypic-phenotypic endowments in conformity with social-cultural "gender roles". Inevitably as the composition and bias of these lists change, so does the meaning of being "male" or "female". Gender roles are constantly redefined by tectonic shifts in the definition and functioning of basic social units, such as the nuclear family and the workplace. The cross-fertilization of gender-related cultural memes renders "masculinity" and "femininity" fluid concepts. One's sex equals one's bodily equipment, an objective, finite, and, usually, immutable inventory. But our endowments can be put to many uses, in different cognitive and affective contexts, and subject to varying exegetic frameworks. As opposed to "sex" - "gender" is, therefore, a socio-cultural narrative. Both heterosexual and homosexual men ejaculate. Both straight and lesbian women climax. What distinguishes them from each other are subjective introjects of socio-cultural conventions, not objective, immutable "facts". In "The New Gender Wars", published in the November/December 2000 issue of "Psychology Today", Sarah Blustain sums up the "bio-social" model proposed by Mice Eagly, a professor of psychology at Northwestern University and a former student of his, Wendy Wood, now a professor at the Texas A&M University: "Like (the evolutionary psychologists), Eagly and Wood reject social constructionist notions that all gender differences are created by culture. But to the question of where they come from, they answer differently: not our genes but our roles in society. This narrative focuses on how societies respond to the basic biological differences - men's strength and women's reproductive capabilities - and how they encourage men and women to follow certain patterns. 'If you're spending a lot of time nursing your kid', explains Wood, 'then you don't have the opportunity to devote large amounts of time to developing specialized skills and engaging tasks outside of the home'. And, adds Eagly, 'if women are charged with caring for infants, what happens is that women are more nurturing. Societies have to make the adult system work [so] socialization of girls is arranged to give them experience in nurturing'. According to this interpretation, as the environment changes, so will the range and texture of gender differences. At a time in Western countries when female reproduction is extremely low, nursing is totally optional, childcare alternatives are many, and mechanization lessens the importance of male size and strength, women are no longer restricted as much by their smaller size and by child-bearing. That means, argue Eagly and Wood, that role structures for men and women will change and, not surprisingly, the way we socialize people in these new roles will change too. (Indeed, says Wood, 'sex differences seem to be reduced in societies where men and women have similar status,' she says. If you're looking to live in more gender-neutral environment, try Scandinavia.)"